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Total Days Stayed for Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Hospitalizations

​​Total days stayed, percentage of days stayed, average days stayed, 0.5% trimmed average, median, 25th and 75th percentiles, and crude and age-standardized rate of days stayed, for mental health and substance use disorder hospitalizations, by Canada and province/territory.

This group of measures provides information about lengths of stay for mental health and substance use disorder hospitalizations in Canada stratified by diagnostic, geographic and demographic characteristics.

See related Discharge indicator

Data updated:
Data availability: to (fiscal years)
Geographic coverage
All provinces/territories
Reporting level
National, Province/Territory
Calculation

Counts = Total number of days stayed in hospital involving mental health and substance use disorders

Percentages = (Sum of days stayed for breakdown value ÷ Sum of days stayed across all breakdown values) × 100

Average days stayed in hospital for mental health and substance use disorders = Total days stayed in hospital for mental health and substance use disorders ÷ Total number of hospitalizations for mental health and substance use disorders

0.5% trimmed average days stayed = Average after removing the highest 0.5% and lowest 0.5% of values; this reduces the effect of extreme values on the average

Median days stayed in hospital for mental health and substance use disorders = The middle value of a sorted length of stay from the smallest to the largest

25th percentile of days stayed in hospital for mental health and substance use disorders = 25% of mental health and substance use disorder hospitalizations had a length of stay less than the calculated value

75th percentile of days stayed in hospital for mental health and substance use disorders = 75% of mental health and substance use disorder hospitalizations had a length of stay less than the calculated value

Crude rate = (Number of days stayed for mental health and substance use disorders ÷ Population estimate) × 100,000

Age-standardized rate = Number of days stayed based on the crude rates for each age group and the application of population weights for each age group

Unit of analysis: Days stayed for mental health and substance use disorders

Days stayed (length of stay) may include days stayed that occurred prior to the fiscal year of discharge.

Denominator

Counts, percentages, means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles, rates: Total days stayed

Crude rates: Total mid-year population

Numerator

Total days stayed for discharges in Canada for mental health and substance use disorders as the primary diagnosis and/or diagnosis category

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Neurocognitive disorders are conditions that are caused by decreased functioning of the brain due to disease, trauma or injury. Included in this category, for example, are various forms of dementia. This category may be included or excluded by selecting Yes or No from the Include Neurocognitive Disorders drop-down list.

Both crude and age-standardized rates are calculated as rate per 100,000 population. Please refer to the Methodology tab for details.

Certain metric values were suppressed or modified for confidentiality reasons in accordance with CIHI’s privacy policy. These values are identified with the text “Suppressed” in the data tables and hover-over tool tip.

In data tables, the dash (—) indicates that the metric was not calculated because the discharge volume was too low or was 0.

Results from 2020–2021 onward should be interpreted in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

To learn more, refer to Impact of COVID-19 on Canada’s health care systems.

Sources

Discharge Abstract Database, Hospital Morbidity Database, Hospital Mental Health Survey and Ontario Mental Health Reporting System, Canadian Institute for Health Information.

Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography. Population estimates, July 1 (based on 2021 census), by age group and gender for Canada, provinces, territories, health regions and peer groups.

Note: Table automatically refreshes following each selection.

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Notes

Neurocognitive disorders are conditions that are caused by decreased functioning of the brain due to disease, trauma or injury. Included in this category, for example, are various forms of dementia. This category may be included or excluded by selecting Yes or No from the Include Neurocognitive Disorders drop-down list.

Both crude and age-standardized rates are calculated as rate per 100,000 population. Please refer to the Methodology tab for details.

Certain metric values were suppressed or modified for confidentiality reasons in accordance with CIHI’s privacy policy. These values are identified with the text “Suppressed” in the data tables and hover-over tool tip.

In data tables, the dash (—) indicates that the metric was not calculated because the discharge volume was too low or was 0.

Results from 2020–2021 onward should be interpreted in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To learn more, refer to Impact of COVID-19 on Canada’s health care systems.

Sources

Discharge Abstract Database, Hospital Morbidity Database, Hospital Mental Health Survey and Ontario Mental Health Reporting System, Canadian Institute for Health Information.

Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography. Population estimates, July 1 (based on 2021 census), by age group and gender for Canada, provinces, territories, health regions and peer groups.

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Name

Total Days Stayed for Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Hospitalizations

Short/Other Names

Not applicable

Description

Total days stayed, percentage of days stayed, average days stayed, 0.5% trimmed average, median, 25th and 75th percentiles, and crude and age-standardized rate of days stayed for mental health and substance use disorder hospitalizations, by Canada and province/territory, with the following available breakdowns:

  • Age group (not provided for age-standardized rates)
  • Recorded sex or gender
  • Hospital type
  • Diagnosis category and selected subcategory

Note that some breakdown combinations are available only at the national level.

Rationale

Measures related to total days stayed provide information about hospital utilization and may reflect differences in the health of the population and mental health service delivery models as well as variations in the availability and accessibility of specialized, residential and/or ambulatory and community-based health services.

Interpretation

This group of measures provides information about lengths of stay for mental health and substance use disorder hospitalizations in Canada stratified by diagnostic, geographic and demographic characteristics.

See related Discharge indicator

HSP Framework Dimension

Health system inputs and characteristics: Health system resources

Targets/Benchmarks

Not applicable

Available Data Years

to (fiscal years)

Geographic Coverage

  • All provinces/territories

Reporting Level/Disaggregation

  • National
  • Province/Territory

Update Frequency

Every year

Latest Results Update Date

Updates

Categorization of episodes of care to broad mental health category is based on the DSM-5/DSM-5-TR  diagnosis category (not the specific diagnosis code).

  • From 2016–2017 to 2021–2022, the Ontario Mental Health Reporting System (OMHRS) used the DSM-5 diagnostic classification system. 
  • In March 2022, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) released the DSM-5-TR. Subsequently, from April 2022 to September 2022, OMHRS used both DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR diagnostic classification systems. As of October 2022, OMHRS uses the DSM-5-TR diagnostic classification system only.

Description

Counts = Total number of days stayed in hospital involving mental health and substance use disorders

Percentages = (Sum of days stayed for breakdown value ÷ Sum of days stayed across all breakdown values) × 100

Average days stayed in hospital for mental health and substance use disorders = Total days stayed in hospital for mental health and substance use disorders ÷ Total number of hospitalizations for mental health and substance use disorders

0.5% trimmed average days stayed = Average after removing the highest 0.5% and lowest 0.5% of values; this reduces the effect of extreme values on the average

Median days stayed in hospital for mental health and substance use disorders = The middle value of a sorted length of stay from the smallest to the largest

25th percentile of days stayed in hospital for mental health and substance use disorders = 25% of mental health and substance use disorder hospitalizations had a length of stay less than the calculated value

75th percentile of days stayed in hospital for mental health and substance use disorders = 75% of mental health and substance use disorder hospitalizations had a length of stay less than the calculated value

Crude rate = (Number of days stayed for mental health and substance use disorders ÷ Population estimate) × 100,000

Age-standardized rate = Number of days stayed based on the crude rates for each age group and the application of population weights for each age group

Unit of analysis: Days stayed for mental health and substance use disorders

Days stayed (length of stay) may include days stayed that occurred prior to the fiscal year of discharge.

Denominator

Description:

Counts, percentages, means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles, rates: Total days stayed

Crude rates: Total mid-year population

Inclusions:

Counts, percentages, means, medians, 25th and 75th percentiles, crude and age-standardized rates: Total days stayed for discharges in Canada involving mental health and substance use disorders as the primary diagnosis and/or diagnosis category

Crude rates: Total mid-year population

Discharges were assigned to diagnosis groups based on the primary diagnosis or the diagnosis that contributed most to the patient’s length of stay during that hospitalization period.

Recorded sex or gender is male or female

Valid age recorded

Valid discharge date recorded

Exclusions:

Records pertaining to newborns, stillbirths and cadaveric donors

The inclusion criteria result in the exclusion of <1% of discharges annually, as the following records are excluded:

  • Records from OMHRS and from specialty psychiatric facilities that submit to the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) that are classified as non–mental health disorders and that are not otherwise classified
  • Records with age = missing from all contributing data sources
  • Records with recorded sex or gender = other or missing from all contributing data sources

Numerator

Description:

Total days stayed for discharges in Canada for mental health and substance use disorders as the primary diagnosis and/or diagnosis category

Inclusions:

Discharge from hospitalization in Canada with a primary diagnosis of mental health or substance use disorder

Discharges were assigned to diagnosis groups based on the primary diagnosis or the diagnosis that contributed most to the patient’s length of stay during that hospitalization period.

Recorded sex or gender is male or female

Valid age recorded

Valid admission and discharge date recorded

For information on grouping diagnosis codes and categories to broad mental health and substance use categories, please refer to the CIHI Mental Health and Substance Use Diagnosis Code Groupings for Selected Indicators (XLSX).

Exclusions:

Records pertaining to newborns, stillbirths and cadaveric donors

The inclusion criteria result in the exclusion of <1% of discharges annually, as the following records are excluded:

  • Records from OMHRS and from specialty psychiatric facilities that submit to the DAD that are classified as non–mental health disorders and that are not otherwise classified
  • Records with age = missing from all contributing data sources
  • Records with recorded sex or gender = other or missing from all contributing data sources

Method of Adjustment

Age-standardized rates: Direct standardization (standard population = Canada 2011)

Adjustment Applied

Age-standardized rates: Age-adjusted

Geographic Assignment

Place of residence

Data Sources

  • DAD
  • HMDB
  • OMHRS
  • HMHS
  • Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography. Population estimates, July 1 (based on 2021 census), by age group and gender for Canada, provinces, territories, health regions and peer groups.

Caveats and Limitations

Substance-related disorders presented in these measures are mental and behavioural disorders. Users are cautioned to not compare the results with those of other indicators (e.g., Hospital Stays for Harm Caused by Substance Use), which may include a broader or narrower set of conditions, including poisonings.

Certain cells were suppressed or modified for confidentiality reasons in accordance with CIHI’s privacy policy.

Neurocognitive disorders are conditions that are caused by decreased functioning of the brain due to disease, trauma or injury. Included in this category, for example, are various forms of dementia. This category may be included or excluded by selecting yes or no, respectively, from the Include neurocognitive disorders drop-down, where available. 

Where selected subcategories are made available, users are advised that the totals displayed represent the overall total at a higher level for context (e.g., rate for Canada for all mental health and substance use disorder categories combined rather than rate for Canada for selected subcategories combined).

Many factors contribute to the observed variations in the analysis of indicators at the provincial/territorial level. These include geography, population health, provincial and regional health service resources, and health services administration, among others. It is important to consider these factors and the effect they may have on indicator results when conducting comparative analyses. The variation in results between provinces/territories suggests systematic differences in

  • Provincial/territorial or regional health policies, practices and resources
  • Geography and urban/rural population distribution
  • Environmental and socio-economic characteristics
  • Types of patients served and acuity of illness
  • The range of health services available beyond general and specialty psychiatric hospitals (such as community mental health services)
  • Accessibility and awareness of alternative points of entry to the health system

The above list suggests a few of the factors that should be considered when making provincial/territorial comparisons.

Trending Issues

Mental health and substance use disorders included in the mental health categories and subcategories presented here may be categorized differently than those presented in previously published data tables. Further, different diagnoses may be included or excluded.

Some HMHS facilities do not provide subcategory information. As a result, the volume of records presented for subcategories may be under-represented for psychiatric facilities.

Comments

Length of stay = Discharge Date minus Admission Date

Where Discharge Date = Admission Date, the length of stay (LOS) is set to 1. Service interruptions and alternate level of care (ALC) days are included if they occurred during the stay.

Days stayed is equivalent to LOS.

The basic unit of observation is the discharge abstract or the record of an inpatient’s stay in a psychiatric or general hospital. The discharge abstract is completed at discharge, which includes, for example, cases where the individual was transferred to another hospital or care setting (e.g., long-term care), left against medical advice or died. Records are grouped into fiscal years based on the individual’s date of discharge from the hospital. If an individual was hospitalized more than once in the same fiscal year, a separate record for each stay was submitted. Hence the basic units of observation are events, not unique patients. If an individual was admitted prior to the beginning of a fiscal year, the days stayed prior to the year of discharge are included in the total days stayed for that event.

In Canada, there is no standard definition of a psychiatric hospital. For the purposes of these measures, psychiatric hospitals are medical hospitals that provide psychiatric services on an inpatient and/or outpatient basis and that have been identified by the provinces or CIHI. Also for the purposes of these measures, a general hospital is a publicly funded hospital that provides primarily for the diagnosis and treatment of hospitalized individuals with a wide range of diseases or injuries. The services of a general hospital are not restricted to a specific age group or a specific recorded sex or gender.

References

Not applicable

How to cite:

Canadian Institute for Health Information. Total Days Stayed for Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Hospitalizations. Accessed April 25, 2025.